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Introduction to Exosomes Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs), ranging from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, carrying heterogeneous cargo, including miRNA, mRNA, lncRNA, lipids, and proteins. Exosomes widely present in very large quantities in all eukaryotic cells, mediating intercellular communication after being released into the extracellular space. In humans, exosomes nearly exist in all […]
Introduction to Ribosome Profiling Ribosome-profiling techniques were developed in response to the importance of measuring gene expression at the translational level. Ribosome profiling is a direct technique for determining the precise mRNA region read by the ribosome and for directly examining the transcripts associated with the translation machinery. Ribosome profiling is a cellular snapshot of […]
Introduction to Transcription Factors Molecules important in controlling gene expression are transcription factors. Normally they are proteins, although they are composed of short, non-coding RNA as well. Transcription variables are also typically seen working in groups or complexes, creating multiple connections that allow varying degrees of control over transcription rates. Transcription factors (TFs) attach to […]
Introduction to Single Cell Genomics James Eberwine et al. and Iscove and colleagues were the first to sequence an entire transcriptome at the level of a single cell, using linear amplification by in vitro transcription and exponential amplification by PCR, respectively, to expand the complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of a single cell. These methods were first […]
Transcriptome sequencing is important to researchers because they help us understand how the cellular machinery interprets genomic sequences and alterations to these sequences. They’re also necessary for a lot of functional analyses. It is impossible to conduct RNA-seq research to explore differential gene expression or predict which proteins are present in a tissue or organism […]
Population Genetics: Definition Population genetics is the study of the genetic makeup of biological populations, as well as the variations in genetic makeup that occur as a result of various factors, such as natural selection Population geneticists, work toward their objectives by creating abstract mathematical models of gene frequency dynamics, attempting to deduce conclusions from […]
Functional metagenomics is a powerful method for discovering new biocatalysts from a wide range of environmental samples. The building of metagenomic libraries is usually accompanied by the selection of clones expressing the desired phenotype, such as enzymatic or antimicrobial activity, antibiotic/xenobiotic resistance, or the capacity to disintegrate toxic compounds or environmental pollutants. Gene annotation is […]
Introduction to Population Evolution A population, also known as a species, is a group of individuals who can all interbreed. The collection of these genes is known as a gene pool because these individuals can share genes and pass on combinations of genes to the next generation. Only populations, not individuals, go through the evolutionary […]
Organisms live in an ecological context, and pure cultures rarely exist in nature. Microbial communities comprising microecology are one example of systems that are far from being pure culture which makes them dynamic in playing roles in the ecosystem. Despite their abundance and ubiquity, our understanding of microecology, their interactions, and functions lag our knowledge […]
DNA methylation, histone variant, histone modifications, and nucleosome positioning are pathways for epigenetic regulation in eukaryotes. Bacteria, on the other hand, lack histones and nucleosomes; hence, they primarily use DNA methylation as their epigenetic gene regulation. There are three different types of DNA methylation in bacterial genomes: N4-methylcytosine (4mC), N6-methyladenine (6mA), and 5-methylcytosine (5mC). The […]
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