In immunology research, understanding the immune repertoire is crucial for developing better therapies, vaccines, and diagnostics. Two key components of the immune system, B-cell receptors (BCRs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs), play distinct yet interconnected roles in recognizing pathogens. Sequencing the BCR and TCR repertoires provides deep insights into immune responses. But what exactly differentiates these […]
The vital roles played by small RNA molecules in gene regulation and a myriad of cellular processes are undeniably essential within the realms of biological sciences. This extensive review encompasses a deep exploration into the complex nature of small RNA. We examine its definition, the diversity of its types, its multifaceted functions, as well as […]
What is rRNA? Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as the foundational framework of the ribosome, a vital organelle orchestrating protein synthesis. Unlike messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic instructions for protein assembly, rRNA is a non-coding RNA that facilitates the actual process within the ribosome. Derived from ribosomal DNA (rDNA), rRNA collaborates with ribosomal proteins to construct […]
What is ribosomal RNA? Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) are the major components of ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis by converting the instructions found in messenger RNA into the chains of amino acids. The key catalytic activity of ribosomes comes from the rRNAs. Additionally, rRNAs play an active role in recognizing conserved portions of mRNAs […]
Introduction to Exosomes Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs), ranging from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, carrying heterogeneous cargo, including miRNA, mRNA, lncRNA, lipids, and proteins. Exosomes widely present in very large quantities in all eukaryotic cells, mediating intercellular communication after being released into the extracellular space. In humans, exosomes nearly exist in all […]
Introduction to Ribosome Profiling Ribosome-profiling techniques were developed in response to the importance of measuring gene expression at the translational level. Ribosome profiling is a direct technique for determining the precise mRNA region read by the ribosome and for directly examining the transcripts associated with the translation machinery. Ribosome profiling is a cellular snapshot of […]
Transcriptome sequencing is important to researchers because they help us understand how the cellular machinery interprets genomic sequences and alterations to these sequences. They’re also necessary for a lot of functional analyses. It is impossible to conduct RNA-seq research to explore differential gene expression or predict which proteins are present in a tissue or organism […]
Determining an appropriate treatment through precision medicine requires inspection of crucial novel biomarkers from tissue samples or liquid biopsies such as plasma/serum, sputum, saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid for earlier disease diagnosis and prognosis. Analysis of non-coding RNA such as microRNA (miRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), DNA methylation, and posttranslational histone modifications are epigenetic […]
What Is mRNA? Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are single-stranded molecules in cells that transfer genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized (in the ribosomes). mRNAs are a group of RNAs that can be translated into proteins, while other RNAs cannot. Because nearly every function in the organisms is […]
What Is Sanger Sequencing? Sanger sequencing, also known as the “chain termination method” was developed by the British biochemist Frederick Sanger and his colleagues in 1977. This method is designed for determining the sequence of nucleotide bases in a piece of DNA (commonly less than 1,000 bp in length). Sanger sequencing with 99.99% base accuracy […]
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