RNA modifications, notably N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, have risen to prominence as pivotal orchestrators of gene expression and cellular dynamics. Within this array of modifications, the m6A methylation of RNA, especially within messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, has garnered considerable interest due to its profound involvement in diverse biological phenomena and the onset of pathological conditions. In […]
1992 Bisulfite Treatment for Methylation Samples Commonly referred to as BS conversion, it involves treating methylated samples with bisulfite (abbreviated as "BS"), where "conversion" refers to the process by which unmethylated cytosines (C) are converted to uracils (U) and eventually to thymines (T) through PCR amplification, while methylated cytosines (5mC) are preserved. 2003 Pyrosequencing Pyrosequencing […]
Science’s understanding of genetics primarily focuses on the alterations in gene expression caused by genetic sequence modifications, encompassing gene mutations, heterogeneous loss, and microsatellite instability. Contrastingly, epigenetics considers the changes in gene expression attributable to non-genomic sequence variations, such as DNA methylation and modifications in chromatin conformation. The broader field of epigenomics is dedicated to the genomic […]
Introduction to Transcription Factors Molecules important in controlling gene expression are transcription factors. Normally they are proteins, although they are composed of short, non-coding RNA as well. Transcription variables are also typically seen working in groups or complexes, creating multiple connections that allow varying degrees of control over transcription rates. Transcription factors (TFs) attach to […]
DNA methylation, histone variant, histone modifications, and nucleosome positioning are pathways for epigenetic regulation in eukaryotes. Bacteria, on the other hand, lack histones and nucleosomes; hence, they primarily use DNA methylation as their epigenetic gene regulation. There are three different types of DNA methylation in bacterial genomes: N4-methylcytosine (4mC), N6-methyladenine (6mA), and 5-methylcytosine (5mC). The […]
The protein translation is a complicated process. In the past decades, scientists have focused mainly on the interpretation of the coding region of a gene, which can directly determine the amino acid composition of a protein. Recently, research on the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) regions have greatly interested the scientists and large amount of evidence indicates […]
Not all genes are active at all times. DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification used by cells to regulate gene expression. In recent decades, researchers have discovered that methylation is involved in many cellular processes, including genomic imprinting, embryonic development, gene suppression, carcinogenesis, X-chromosome inactivation, and preservation of chromosome stability. And abnormal DNA methylation […]
Except DNA and RNA, there are many messages which will affect the gene expression in genome. They do not change the sequence, but have the power of regulation on function and characteristics of gene by chemical modification, RNA interference and the interaction between protein and DNA. This change will be passed to the next generation. […]
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